GCP Associate 덤프 문제 1 ~ 50

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위의 GCP Associate 덤프 문제에 대한 풀의를 한다.

 

1. Every employee of your company has a Google account. Your operational team needs to manage a large number of instances on Compute Engine. Each member of this team needs only administrative access to the servers. Your security team wants to ensure that the deployment of credentials is operationally efficient and must be able to determine who accessed a given instance. What should you do?

• A. Generate a new SSH key pair. Give the private key to each member of your team. Configure the public key in the metadata of each instance.
• B. Ask each member of the team to generate a new SSH key pair and to send you their public key. Use a configuration management tool to deploy those keys on each instance.
• C. Ask each member of the team to generate a new SSH key pair and to add the public key to their Google account. Grant the ג€compute.osAdminLoginג€ role to the Google group corresponding to this team.
• D. Generate a new SSH key pair. Give the private key to each member of your team. Configure the public key as a project-wide public SSH key in your Cloud Platform project and allow project-wide public SSH keys on each instance.

개인 키를 모든 팀원에게 공유하면, 누가 특정 인스턴스에 접근했는지 추적할 수 없음. 또한, 개인 키가 유출되면 보안 사고로 이어질 가능성이 높기 때문에 A, D는 안된다.

B의 경우 팀원이 추가될 때마다 관리자가 직접 공개 키를 수집하고 배포해야 하므로 운영 효율성이 낮아지게 된다.

정답 C

 

2. You need to create a custom VPC with a single subnet. The subnet's range must be as large as possible. Which range should you use?

• A. 0.0.0.0/0
• B. 10.0.0.0/8
• C. 172.16.0.0/12
• D. 192.168.0.0/16

뒤의 포트 번호가 작을 수록 더 많은 범위에 해당한다.

단, A의 경우 모든 IPv4의 주소 범위를 포함하는 것으로 서브넷을 정의하는 것이 아니다.

정답 B

 

3. You want to select and configure a cost-effective solution for relational data on Google Cloud Platform. You are working with a small set of operational data in one geographic location. You need to support point-in-time recovery. What should you do?

• A. Select Cloud SQL (MySQL). Verify that the enable binary logging option is selected.
• B. Select Cloud SQL (MySQL). Select the create failover replicas option.
• C. Select Cloud Spanner. Set up your instance with 2 nodes.
• D. Select Cloud Spanner. Set up your instance as multi-regional.

Point-in-Time Recovery(PITR)를 위해서는 binary logging 설정이 필요하고, B의 failover replicas의 경우 고가용성을 위해 필요한 내용이다.

Cloud Spanner의 경우 대규모 트랜잭션 및 글로벌 확장을 위해 사용하는 것이기 때문에 비용이 매우 높다.

정답 A

 

4. You want to configure autohealing for network load balancing for a group of Compute Engine instances that run in multiple zones, using the fewest possible steps.
You need to configure re-creation of VMs if they are unresponsive after 3 attempts of 10 seconds each. What should you do?

• A. Create an HTTP load balancer with a backend configuration that references an existing instance group. Set the health check to healthy (HTTP)
• B. Create an HTTP load balancer with a backend configuration that references an existing instance group. Define a balancing mode and set the maximum RPS to 10.
• C. Create a managed instance group. Set the Autohealing health check to healthy (HTTP)
• D. Create a managed instance group. Verify that the autoscaling setting is on.

응답이 없는 경우 VM을 다시 생성하도록 하는것은 Autohealing으로 해당 기능은 Managed Instance Group(MIG)에 포함되어 있다.

참고로 Autoscaling은 트래픽 부하에 따라 인스턴스를 추가하거나 제거하는 기능으로, Autohealing 기능과는 다르다.

정답 C

 

5. You are using multiple configurations for gcloud. You want to review the configured Kubernetes Engine cluster of an inactive configuration using the fewest possible steps. What should you do?

• A. Use gcloud config configurations describe to review the output.
• B. Use gcloud config configurations activate and gcloud config list to review the output.
• C. Use kubectl config get-contexts to review the output.
• D. Use kubectl config use-context and kubectl config view to review the output.

D의 경우 먼저 kubectl config use-context [context-name] 를 통해서 특정 컨텍스트로 전환하여 해당 클러스터 정보를 불러오고, kubectl config view를 통해서 현재 활성화된 컨텍스트의 설정을 출력한다.
즉, 비활성화된 구성이라도 컨텍스트를 변경해서 해당 클러스터 정보를 바로 확인할 수 있다.

C의 경우 단순히 등록된 컨텍스트 목록만 보여주기 때문에 각 클러스터의 세부 설정은 볼 수 없다.

정답 D

 

6. Your company uses Cloud Storage to store application backup files for disaster recovery purposes. You want to follow Google's recommended practices. Which storage option should you use?

• A. Multi-Regional Storage
• B. Regional Storage
• C. Nearline Storage
• D. Coldline Storage

재해 복구의 경우 자주 사용되는 것이 아니기 때문에 Coldline Storage를 사용해야 한다.

선지 순서대로 비용이 감소함으로 A의 경우 높은 가용성이 필요하고, 자주 액세스 되는 데이터를 위해 사용되고 뒤로 갈 수록 액세스 빈도가 떨어지는 곳에 사용하면 된다.

정답 D

 

7. Several employees at your company have been creating projects with Cloud Platform and paying for it with their personal credit cards, which the company reimburses. The company wants to centralize all these projects under a single, new billing account. What should you do?

• A. Contact cloud-billing@google.com with your bank account details and request a corporate billing account for your company.
• B. Create a ticket with Google Support and wait for their call to share your credit card details over the phone.
• C. In the Google Platform Console, go to the Resource Manage and move all projects to the root Organizarion.
• D. In the Google Cloud Platform Console, create a new billing account and set up a payment method.

A의 경우 구글에 직접 계좌 정보를 보내는 방식은 없다.

B의 경우 신용카드 정보를 전화로 요청하지 않는다.

C의 경우 프로젝트를 조직으로 이동하면 프로젝트의 계층 구조는 변하지만 기존의 연결된 청구 계정이 변경되지는 않는다.

따라서 새 청구 계정을 생성하고 해당 계정으로 프로젝트를 연결하는 D가 타당하다.

정답 D

 

8. You have an application that looks for its licensing server on the IP 10.0.3.21. You need to deploy the licensing server on Compute Engine. You do not want to change the configuration of the application and want the application to be able to reach the licensing server. What should you do?

• A. Reserve the IP 10.0.3.21 as a static internal IP address using gcloud and assign it to the licensing server.
• B. Reserve the IP 10.0.3.21 as a static public IP address using gcloud and assign it to the licensing server.
• C. Use the IP 10.0.3.21 as a custom ephemeral IP address and assign it to the licensing server.
• D. Start the licensing server with an automatic ephemeral IP address, and then promote it to a static internal IP address.

IP주소를 static으로 고정해두면 해당 IP를 계속 사용할 수 있다. 그리고 해당 주소는 Private IP이기 때문에 public IP로 예약은 불가능하다.

정답 A

 

9. You are deploying an application to App Engine. You want the number of instances to scale based on request rate. You need at least 3 unoccupied instances at all times. Which scaling type should you use?

• A. Manual Scaling with 3 instances.
• B. Basic Scaling with min_instances set to 3.
• C. Basic Scaling with max_instances set to 3.
• D. Automatic Scaling with min_idle_instances set to 3.

Basic Scaling의 경우 요청이 없을 때 인스턴스를 0으로 줄일 수 있어서 최소 3개가 보장되지 않는다.

정답 D

 

10. You have a development project with appropriate IAM roles defined. You are creating a production project and want to have the same IAM roles on the new project, using the fewest possible steps. What should you do?

• A. Use gcloud iam roles copy and specify the production project as the destination project.
• B. Use gcloud iam roles copy and specify your organization as the destination organization.
• C. In the Google Cloud Platform Console, use the 'create role from role' functionality.
• D. In the Google Cloud Platform Console, use the 'create role' functionality and select all applicable permissions.

프로젝트에서 프로젝트를 복사하는 것이 가장 효울적이다.

정답 A

 

11. You need a dynamic way of provisioning VMs on Compute Engine. The exact specifications will be in a dedicated configuration file. You want to follow Google's recommended practices. Which method should you use?

• A. Deployment Manager
• B. Cloud Composer
• C. Managed Instance Group
• D. Unmanaged Instance Group

Google의 Deployment Manager는 코드 기반 인프라 관리를 가능하게 하며, YAML을 통해 VM을 구성할 수 있다. 

정답 A

 

12. You have a Dockerfile that you need to deploy on Kubernetes Engine. What should you do?

• A. Use kubectl app deploy <dockerfilename>.
• B. Use gcloud app deploy <dockerfilename>.
• C. Create a docker image from the Dockerfile and upload it to Container Registry. Create a Deployment YAML file to point to that image. Use kubectl to create the deployment with that file.
• D. Create a docker image from the Dockerfile and upload it to Cloud Storage. Create a Deployment YAML file to point to that image. Use kubectl to create the deployment with that file.

도커파일을 배포하기 위해서 먼저 도커파일을 빌드하여 이미지를 생성해야한다. 그 후 이미지를 Google Container Registry(GCR)에 업로드 하고 YAML파일을 작성한다. 그 후 kubectl을 사용해서 배포를 한다.

정답 C

 

13. Your development team needs a new Jenkins server for their project. You need to deploy the server using the fewest steps possible. What should you do?

• A. Download and deploy the Jenkins Java WAR to App Engine Standard.
• B. Create a new Compute Engine instance and install Jenkins through the command line interface.
• C. Create a Kubernetes cluster on Compute Engine and create a deployment with the Jenkins Docker image.
• D. Use GCP Marketplace to launch the Jenkins solution.

마켓플레이스에서 미리 구성도니 Jenkins 인스턴스를 통해 배포하는 것이 가장 간단하다.

정답 D 

 

14. You need to update a deployment in Deployment Manager without any resource downtime in the deployment. Which command should you use?

• A. gcloud deployment-manager deployments create --config <deployment-config-path>
• B. gcloud deployment-manager deployments update --config <deployment-config-path>
• C. gcloud deployment-manager resources create --config <deployment-config-path>
• D. gcloud deployment-manager resources update --config <deployment-config-path>

resources를 사용하면 개별 리소스를 업데이트 하기 때문에 deployment를 업데이트 하기 위해서는 deployments update를 사용해주면 된다.

정답 B

 

15. You need to run an important query in BigQuery but expect it to return a lot of records. You want to find out how much it will cost to run the query. You are using on-demand pricing. What should you do?

• A. Arrange to switch to Flat-Rate pricing for this query, then move back to on-demand.
• B. Use the command line to run a dry run query to estimate the number of bytes read. Then convert that bytes estimate to dollars using the Pricing Calculator.
• C. Use the command line to run a dry run query to estimate the number of bytes returned. Then convert that bytes estimate to dollars using the Pricing Calculator.
• D. Run a select count (*) to get an idea of how many records your query will look through. Then convert that number of rows to dollars using the Pricing Calculator.

A의 Flat-Rate는 월 단위로 비용을 고정하는 모델이다.

--dry_run 옵션은 예상 조회 바이트를 확인하고, 계산기를 통해 해당 바이트 수에 대한 비용을 확인할 수 있다.

정답 B

 

16. You have a single binary application that you want to run on Google Cloud Platform. You decided to automatically scale the application based on underlying infrastructure CPU usage. Your organizational policies require you to use virtual machines directly. You need to ensure that the application scaling is operationally efficient and completed as quickly as possible. What should you do?

• A. Create a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster, and use horizontal pod autoscaling to scale the application.
• B. Create an instance template, and use the template in a managed instance group with autoscaling configured.
• C. Create an instance template, and use the template in a managed instance group that scales up and down based on the time of day.
• D. Use a set of third-party tools to build automation around scaling the application up and down, based on Stackdriver CPU usage monitoring.

A의 경우 VM을 사용해야한다고 문제에 나와있지만 kubernetes를 사용해서 답이 아니다.

MIG(Managed Instance Group) 는 VM을 기반으로 CPU 사용량에 따라 자동 확장이 가능하다.

정답 B

 

17. You are analyzing Google Cloud Platform service costs from three separate projects. You want to use this information to create service cost estimates by service type, daily and monthly, for the next six months using standard query syntax. What should you do?

• A. Export your bill to a Cloud Storage bucket, and then import into Cloud Bigtable for analysis.
• B. Export your bill to a Cloud Storage bucket, and then import into Google Sheets for analysis.
• C. Export your transactions to a local file, and perform analysis with a desktop tool.
• D. Export your bill to a BigQuery dataset, and then write time window-based SQL queries for analysis.

A의 경우 Bigtable은 대규모 시계열 데이터를 처리하는 데 최적화되어 있지만, SQL을 지원하지 않는다.

B는 Google Sheets는 간단한 데이터 분석에는 유용하지만, 대량의 청구 데이터를 다루는 데 적합하지 않는다.

D는 Google Cloud의 청구 데이터는 BigQuery로 내보낼 수 있으며, 이를 통해 SQL을 사용해 비용 분석 및 예측을 수행할 수 있다.

정답 D

 

18. You need to set up a policy so that videos stored in a specific Cloud Storage Regional bucket are moved to Coldline after 90 days, and then deleted after one year from their creation. How should you set up the policy?

• A. Use Cloud Storage Object Lifecycle Management using Age conditions with SetStorageClass and Delete actions. Set the SetStorageClass action to 90 days and the Delete action to 275 days (365 ג€" 90)
• B. Use Cloud Storage Object Lifecycle Management using Age conditions with SetStorageClass and Delete actions. Set the SetStorageClass action to 90 days and the Delete action to 365 days.
• C. Use gsutil rewrite and set the Delete action to 275 days (365-90).
• D. Use gsutil rewrite and set the Delete action to 365 days.

 Coldline으로 이동 후 삭제되는 기간을 따로 생각하는 것이 아니라 삭제되는 기간이 있으면 저장된 시점을 기준으로 삭제되는 날을 계산해야한다.

정답 B

 

19. You have a Linux VM that must connect to Cloud SQL. You created a service account with the appropriate access rights. You want to make sure that the VM uses this service account instead of the default Compute Engine service account. What should you do?

• A. When creating the VM via the web console, specify the service account under the 'Identity and API Access' section.
• B. Download a JSON Private Key for the service account. On the Project Metadata, add that JSON as the value for the key compute-engine-service- account.
• C. Download a JSON Private Key for the service account. On the Custom Metadata of the VM, add that JSON as the value for the key compute-engine- service-account.
• D. Download a JSON Private Key for the service account. After creating the VM, ssh into the VM and save the JSON under ~/.gcloud/compute-engine-service- account.json.

Google Cloud Console에서 VM을 만들 때 특정 서비스 계정을 직접 지정하는 것이 가장 올바른 방법이고, JSON 키를 메타데이터에 저장해도 자동으로 서비스 계정이 적용되지 않는다.

정답 A

 

20. You created an instance of SQL Server 2017 on Compute Engine to test features in the new version. You want to connect to this instance using the fewest number of steps. What should you do?

• A. Install a RDP client on your desktop. Verify that a firewall rule for port 3389 exists.
• B. Install a RDP client in your desktop. Set a Windows username and password in the GCP Console. Use the credentials to log in to the instance.
• C. Set a Windows password in the GCP Console. Verify that a firewall rule for port 22 exists. Click the RDP button in the GCP Console and supply the credentials to log in.
• D. Set a Windows username and password in the GCP Console. Verify that a firewall rule for port 3389 exists. Click the RDP button in the GCP Console, and supply the credentials to log in.

포드 22는 SSH 접속용이고 3389가 RDP로 원격 데스크톱용이다. 따라서 해당 포트가 열려있는지 확인을 하고 접속을 해야한다.

정답 D

 

21. You have one GCP account running in your default region and zone and another account running in a non-default region and zone. You want to start a new Compute Engine instance in these two Google Cloud Platform accounts using the command line interface. What should you do?

• A. Create two configurations using gcloud config configurations create [NAME]. Run gcloud config configurations activate [NAME] to switch between accounts when running the commands to start the Compute Engine instances.
• B. Create two configurations using gcloud config configurations create [NAME]. Run gcloud configurations list to start the Compute Engine instances.
• C. Activate two configurations using gcloud configurations activate [NAME]. Run gcloud config list to start the Compute Engine instances.
• D. Activate two configurations using gcloud configurations activate [NAME]. Run gcloud configurations list to start the Compute Engine instances.

gcloud config configurations create를 사용하여 생성을 하고 activate를 통해서 해당 계정으로 변경이 가능하다.

list의 경우 현재 사용 가능한 설정을 나열하는 것이다.

정답 A

 

22. You significantly changed a complex Deployment Manager template and want to confirm that the dependencies of all defined resources are properly met before committing it to the project. You want the most rapid feedback on your changes. What should you do?

• A. Use granular logging statements within a Deployment Manager template authored in Python.
• B. Monitor activity of the Deployment Manager execution on the Stackdriver Logging page of the GCP Console.
• C. Execute the Deployment Manager template against a separate project with the same configuration, and monitor for failures.
• D. Execute the Deployment Manager template using the ג€"-preview option in the same project, and observe the state of interdependent resources.

--preview 옵션은 실제 리소스를 생성하지 않고 배포를 시뮬레이션하여 종속성이 충족되었는지 확인하는 데 유용하다.

정답 D

 

23. You are building a pipeline to process time-series data. Which Google Cloud Platform services should you put in boxes 1,2,3, and 4?

• A. Cloud Pub/Sub, Cloud Dataflow, Cloud Datastore, BigQuery
• B. Firebase Messages, Cloud Pub/Sub, Cloud Spanner, BigQuery
• C. Cloud Pub/Sub, Cloud Storage, BigQuery, Cloud Bigtable
• D. Cloud Pub/Sub, Cloud Dataflow, Cloud Bigtable, BigQuery

A의 Cloud Datastore는 시계열 데이터에 적절하지 않다.

Firebase Messgae는 모바일 메시징 서비스로 데이터 스트리밍에 적합하지 않다.

Cloud Storage는 정적파일을 저장하는데 사용한다.

Cloud Dataflow는 스트리밍 데이터 변환 및 처리에 사용된다.

Cloud Bigtable은 대량의 시계열 데이터를 저장한다.

정답 D

 

24. You have a project for your App Engine application that serves a development environment. The required testing has succeeded and you want to create a new project to serve as your production environment. What should you do?

• A. Use gcloud to create the new project, and then deploy your application to the new project.
• B. Use gcloud to create the new project and to copy the deployed application to the new project.
• C. Create a Deployment Manager configuration file that copies the current App Engine deployment into a new project.
• D. Deploy your application again using gcloud and specify the project parameter with the new project name to create the new project.

App Engine은 프로젝트 단위로 동작하므로, 별도의 프로젝트를 생성하는 것이 가장 적절한 방법이다.

그리고 App Engine 애플리케이션을 복사하는 기능은 없다.

Deployment Manager는 인프라 구성 파일(YAML, Python)을 이용하여 리소스를 정의하는 방식이다.

정답 A

 

 

25. You need to configure IAM access audit logging in BigQuery for external auditors. You want to follow Google-recommended practices. What should you do?

• A. Add the auditors group to the 'logging.viewer' and 'bigQuery.dataViewer' predefined IAM roles.
• B. Add the auditors group to two new custom IAM roles.
• C. Add the auditor user accounts to the 'logging.viewer' and 'bigQuery.dataViewer' predefined IAM roles.
• D. Add the auditor user accounts to two new custom IAM roles.

logging.viewer 역할은 Cloud Logging 데이터를 읽을 수 있는 권한을 제공하는 것이고, bigQuery.dataViewer 역할은 BigQuery 데이터에 대한 읽기 전용 액세스 권한을 제공하는 것이다.

정답 A

 

26. You need to set up permissions for a set of Compute Engine instances to enable them to write data into a particular Cloud Storage bucket. You want to follow Google-recommended practices. What should you do?

• A. Create a service account with an access scope. Use the access scope 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.write_only'.
• B. Create a service account with an access scope. Use the access scope 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform'.
• C. Create a service account and add it to the IAM role 'storage.objectCreator' for that bucket.
• D. Create a service account and add it to the IAM role 'storage.objectAdmin' for that bucket.

storage.objectCreator 역할은 Cloud Storage에서 오브젝트를 만들 수 있는 최소한의 권한을 부여한다.
Google의 최소 권한 원칙을 준수하기 위해서는 항상 해당 상황에 맞는 가장 적절한 범위의 권한을 부여해야한다.

정답 C

 

27. You have sensitive data stored in three Cloud Storage buckets and have enabled data access logging. You want to verify activities for a particular user for these buckets, using the fewest possible steps. You need to verify the addition of metadata labels and which files have been viewed from those buckets. What should you do?

• A. Using the GCP Console, filter the Activity log to view the information.
• B. Using the GCP Console, filter the Stackdriver log to view the information.
• C. View the bucket in the Storage section of the GCP Console.
• D. Create a trace in Stackdriver to view the information.

Activity 로그는 IAM 정책 변경, 리소스 생성/삭제, 메타데이터 변경 등의 활동을 기록하는 로그 시스템이다. 이를 통해 특정 사용자의 파일 조회 기록뿐만 아니라, 메타데이터 변경 내역까지 확인할 수 있다.

Stackdriver는 애플리케이션 로그를 저장하는 서비스로 오브젝트 접근 기록이 포함되지 않는다.

정답 A

 

28. You are the project owner of a GCP project and want to delegate control to colleagues to manage buckets and files in Cloud Storage. You want to follow Google- recommended practices. Which IAM roles should you grant your colleagues?

• A. Project Editor
• B. Storage Admin
• C. Storage Object Admin
• D. Storage Object Creator

Storage Admin은 Cloud Storage의 모든 버킷과 객체를 관리할 수 있는 권한을 부여한다.

정답 B

 

29. You have an object in a Cloud Storage bucket that you want to share with an external company. The object contains sensitive data. You want access to the content to be removed after four hours. The external company does not have a Google account to which you can grant specific user-based access privileges. You want to use the most secure method that requires the fewest steps. What should you do?

• A. Create a signed URL with a four-hour expiration and share the URL with the company.
• B. Set object access to 'public' and use object lifecycle management to remove the object after four hours.
• C. Configure the storage bucket as a static website and furnish the object's URL to the company. Delete the object from the storage bucket after four hours.
• D. Create a new Cloud Storage bucket specifically for the external company to access. Copy the object to that bucket. Delete the bucket after four hours have passed.

서명된 URL은 GCP의 보안이 보장된 임시 접근 URL로, Google 계정이 없어도 해당 URL을 통해 일정 시간 동안 파일에 접근 가능하다.

만약 객체를 'public'으로 설정하면 예상치 못한 접근자가 데이터를 볼 가능성이 생긴다. 따라서 민감한 정보가 담긴 경우 이는 사용하면 안된다.

정답 A

 

30. You are creating a Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) cluster with a cluster autoscaler feature enabled. You need to make sure that each node of the cluster will run a monitoring pod that sends container metrics to a third-party monitoring solution. What should you do?

• A. Deploy the monitoring pod in a StatefulSet object.
• B. Deploy the monitoring pod in a DaemonSet object.
• C. Reference the monitoring pod in a Deployment object.
• D. Reference the monitoring pod in a cluster initializer at the GKE cluster creation time.

DaemonSet은 클러스터의 각 노드에 하나의 Pod를 자동으로 배포하는 Kubernetes 오브젝트이다. 새로운 노드가 추가될 때 자동으로 Pod가 배포되므로, 모니터링 솔루션에 적합하다.
StatefulSet은 상태를 유지해야 하는 애플리케이션(예: 데이터베이스, Kafka, Zookeeper)에서 사용된다.
Deployment는 수평 확장이 필요한 애플리케이션(예: 웹 서버)에서 사용된다.

정답 B

 

31. You want to send and consume Cloud Pub/Sub messages from your App Engine application. The Cloud Pub/Sub API is currently disabled. You will use a service account to authenticate your application to the API. You want to make sure your application can use Cloud Pub/Sub. What should you do?

• A. Enable the Cloud Pub/Sub API in the API Library on the GCP Console.
• B. Rely on the automatic enablement of the Cloud Pub/Sub API when the Service Account accesses it.
• C. Use Deployment Manager to deploy your application. Rely on the automatic enablement of all APIs used by the application being deployed.
• D. Grant the App Engine Default service account the role of Cloud Pub/Sub Admin. Have your application enable the API on the first connection to Cloud Pub/ Sub.

Cloud Pub/Sub API가 비활성화된 상태이므로, 먼저 GCP 콘솔에서 이를 수동으로 활성화해야 한다. API가 활성화되지 않으면 서비스 계정이 있어도 요청을 보낼 수 없다.

정답 A

 

 

32. You need to monitor resources that are distributed over different projects in Google Cloud Platform. You want to consolidate reporting under the same Stackdriver Monitoring dashboard. What should you do?

• A. Use Shared VPC to connect all projects, and link Stackdriver to one of the projects.
• B. For each project, create a Stackdriver account. In each project, create a service account for that project and grant it the role of Stackdriver Account Editor in all other projects.
• C. Configure a single Stackdriver account, and link all projects to the same account.
• D. Configure a single Stackdriver account for one of the projects. In Stackdriver, create a Group and add the other project names as criteria for that Group.

Stackdriver(Cloud Monitoring)는 여러 프로젝트를 하나의 계정에 연결하여 통합 모니터링할 수 있다. 단일 Stackdriver 계정을 생성하고 모든 프로젝트를 해당 계정에 연결하면 하나의 대시보드에서 여러 프로젝트의 리소스를 모니터링할 수 있다.

정답  C

 

33. You are deploying an application to a Compute Engine VM in a managed instance group. The application must be running at all times, but only a single instance of the VM should run per GCP project. How should you configure the instance group?

• A. Set autoscaling to On, set the minimum number of instances to 1, and then set the maximum number of instances to 1.
• B. Set autoscaling to Off, set the minimum number of instances to 1, and then set the maximum number of instances to 1.
• C. Set autoscaling to On, set the minimum number of instances to 1, and then set the maximum number of instances to 2.
• D. Set autoscaling to Off, set the minimum number of instances to 1, and then set the maximum number of instances to 2.

일단 1개의 인스턴스만 생성해야하기 때문에 min과 max의 값을 모두 1로 설정해야 한다.

그리고 항상 1개의 인스턴스가 실행중이여야 하는데 만약 자동 크기 조절을 끄면 인스턴스가 삭제된 경우 다시 인스턴스가 생기는 것이 아니라 0개인 상태로 남아있는다.

정답 A

 

34. You want to verify the IAM users and roles assigned within a GCP project named my-project. What should you do?

• A. Run gcloud iam roles list. Review the output section.
• B. Run gcloud iam service-accounts list. Review the output section.
• C. Navigate to the project and then to the IAM section in the GCP Console. Review the members and roles.
• D. Navigate to the project and then to the Roles section in the GCP Console. Review the roles and status.

IAM 사용자는 GCP 콘솔의 IAM 섹션에서 확인할 수 있으며, 각 사용자와 역할을 한눈에 볼 수 있다.

정답 C

 

35. You need to create a new billing account and then link it with an existing Google Cloud Platform project. What should you do?

• A. Verify that you are Project Billing Manager for the GCP project. Update the existing project to link it to the existing billing account.
• B. Verify that you are Project Billing Manager for the GCP project. Create a new billing account and link the new billing account to the existing project.
• C. Verify that you are Billing Administrator for the billing account. Create a new project and link the new project to the existing billing account.
• D. Verify that you are Billing Administrator for the billing account. Update the existing project to link it to the existing billing account.

결제 계정을 관리하려면 Project Billing Manager 역할이 필요하다. 새 결제 계정을 생성한 후 기존 프로젝트에 연결해야 한다.
 Billing Administrator 역할은 개별 프로젝트의 결제 계정을 변경할 수 없으며, 개별 프로젝트에 대한 권한이 필요하다.
정답 B

 

36. You have one project called proj-sa where you manage all your service accounts. You want to be able to use a service account from this project to take snapshots of VMs running in another project called proj-vm. What should you do?

• A. Download the private key from the service account, and add it to each VMs custom metadata.
• B. Download the private key from the service account, and add the private key to each VM's SSH keys.
• C. Grant the service account the IAM Role of Compute Storage Admin in the project called proj-vm.
• D. When creating the VMs, set the service account's API scope for Compute Engine to read/write.

서비스 계정이 다른 프로젝트(proj-vm)에서 VM 스냅샷을 생성하려면, 해당 프로젝트에서 Compute Storage Admin 역할을 부여해야 한다. 이 역할은 Compute Engine 디스크 스냅샷을 생성하고 관리할 수 있는 권한을 제공한다.

정답 C

 

37. You created a Google Cloud Platform project with an App Engine application inside the project. You initially configured the application to be served from the us- central region. Now you want the application to be served from the asia-northeast1 region. What should you do?

• A. Change the default region property setting in the existing GCP project to asia-northeast1.
• B. Change the region property setting in the existing App Engine application from us-central to asia-northeast1.
• C. Create a second App Engine application in the existing GCP project and specify asia-northeast1 as the region to serve your application.
• D. Create a new GCP project and create an App Engine application inside this new project. Specify asia-northeast1 as the region to serve your application.

App Engine의 리전은 한 번 설정하면 변경할 수 없으며, 변경하려면 새로운 프로젝트를 만들어야 한다. 따라서 새로운 GCP 프로젝트를 생성하고 원하는 리전(asia-northeast1)에서 App Engine을 새로 설정해야 한다.

정답 D

 

38. You need to grant access for three users so that they can view and edit table data on a Cloud Spanner instance. What should you do?

• A. Run gcloud iam roles describe roles/spanner.databaseUser. Add the users to the role.
• B. Run gcloud iam roles describe roles/spanner.databaseUser. Add the users to a new group. Add the group to the role.
• C. Run gcloud iam roles describe roles/spanner.viewer - -project my-project. Add the users to the role.
• D. Run gcloud iam roles describe roles/spanner.viewer - -project my-project. Add the users to a new group. Add the group to the role.

사용자 대신 그룹을 추가하는 것은 GCP 모범 사례이기 때문에 그룹을 추가해야한다.

정답 B

 

39. You create a new Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) cluster and want to make sure that it always runs a supported and stable version of Kubernetes. What should you do?

• A. Enable the Node Auto-Repair feature for your GKE cluster.
• B. Enable the Node Auto-Upgrades feature for your GKE cluster.
• C. Select the latest available cluster version for your GKE cluster.
• D. Select ג€Container-Optimized OS (cos)ג€ as a node image for your GKE cluster.

Node Auto-Repair는 노드가 비정상적으로 동작할 경우 자동으로 재부팅하거나 복구하는 기능이다.

Node Auto-Upgrades 기능을 활성화하면, GKE가 자동으로 노드의 쿠버네티스 버전을 최신의 안정적인 버전으로 업그레이드하여 유지한다.

정답 B

 

40. You have an instance group that you want to load balance. You want the load balancer to terminate the client SSL session. The instance group is used to serve a public web application over HTTPS. You want to follow Google-recommended practices. What should you do?

• A. Configure an HTTP(S) load balancer.
• B. Configure an internal TCP load balancer.
• C. Configure an external SSL proxy load balancer.
• D. Configure an external TCP proxy load balancer.

 HTTPS 트래픽을 로드 밸런싱하려면 HTTPS 로드 밸런서를 구성해야 한다. 이는 클라이언트의 SSL 세션을 종료(TLS termination)하고, 백엔드 인스턴스로 HTTP 트래픽을 전달하는 방식이다.

SSL Proxy Load Balancer는 HTTPS 대신 TCP 기반의 SSL 트래픽을 처리하는 데 사용된다. 

TCP Proxy Load Balancer는 비-HTTP 프로토콜(TCP)을 위한 것이다.

정답 A

 

 

41. You have 32 GB of data in a single file that you need to upload to a Nearline Storage bucket. The WAN connection you are using is rated at 1 Gbps, and you are the only one on the connection. You want to use as much of the rated 1 Gbps as possible to transfer the file rapidly. How should you upload the file?

• A. Use the GCP Console to transfer the file instead of gsutil.
• B. Enable parallel composite uploads using gsutil on the file transfer.
• C. Decrease the TCP window size on the machine initiating the transfer.
• D. Change the storage class of the bucket from Nearline to Multi-Regional.

A의 경우 GCP 콘솔은 업로드 속도 최적화를 제공하지 않으며, 병렬 업로드를 지원하지 않는다.

B는 gsutil -o "GSUtil:parallel_composite_upload_threshold=150M" cp largefile gs://your-bucket/을 사용하면 파일을 작은 조각으로 분할하여 병렬 업로드할 수 있다. 

TCP 윈도우 크기를 줄이면 업로드 속도가 감소할 가능성이 크다.

정답 B

 

42. You've deployed a microservice called myapp1 to a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster using the YAML file specified below:

You need to refactor this configuration so that the database password is not stored in plain text. You want to follow Google-recommended practices. What should you do?

• A. Store the database password inside the Docker image of the container, not in the YAML file.
• B. Store the database password inside a Secret object. Modify the YAML file to populate the DB_PASSWORD environment variable from the Secret.
• C. Store the database password inside a ConfigMap object. Modify the YAML file to populate the DB_PASSWORD environment variable from the ConfigMap.
• D. Store the database password in a file inside a Kubernetes persistent volume, and use a persistent volume claim to mount the volume to the container.

Kubernetes Secret을 사용하면 중요한 정보를 안전하게 저장하고 관리할 수 있다. 

정답 B

 

43. You are running an application on multiple virtual machines within a managed instance group and have autoscaling enabled. The autoscaling policy is configured so that additional instances are added to the group if the CPU utilization of instances goes above 80%. VMs are added until the instance group reaches its maximum limit of five VMs or until CPU utilization of instances lowers to 80%. The initial delay for HTTP health checks against the instances is set to 30 seconds.
The virtual machine instances take around three minutes to become available for users. You observe that when the instance group autoscales, it adds more instances then necessary to support the levels of end-user traffic. You want to properly maintain instance group sizes when autoscaling. What should you do?

• A. Set the maximum number of instances to 1.
• B. Decrease the maximum number of instances to 3.
• C. Use a TCP health check instead of an HTTP health check.
• D. Increase the initial delay of the HTTP health check to 200 seconds.

현재 HTTP 헬스체크 초기 대기 시간이 30초로 설정되어 있지만, 인스턴스가 3분(180초) 동안 준비되지 않는다. 초기 지연 시간을 200초로 설정하면 VM이 안정적으로 준비된 후 트래픽을 받을 수 있어 불필요한 스케일링을 방지할 수 있다.

TCP 헬스체크는 연결 여부만 확인한다.

정답 D

 

44. You need to select and configure compute resources for a set of batch processing jobs. These jobs take around 2 hours to complete and are run nightly. You want to minimize service costs. What should you do?

• A. Select Google Kubernetes Engine. Use a single-node cluster with a small instance type.
• B. Select Google Kubernetes Engine. Use a three-node cluster with micro instance types.
• C. Select Compute Engine. Use preemptible VM instances of the appropriate standard machine type.
• D. Select Compute Engine. Use VM instance types that support micro bursting.

Preemptible VM은 일시적으로 사용 가능한 VM 인스턴스로, 비용이 일반 VM보다 훨씬 저렴하다. 배치 작업은 일정 시간이 지나면 종료되므로, 비용을 절감할 수 있는 이 옵션이 최적이다.

GKE는 관리 비용이 추가로 발생하며, 배치 작업을 실행하는 데 불필요하게 복잡할 수 있다.

Micro Bursting은 순간적으로 높은 성능을 제공하지만, 2시간 동안 안정적인 성능이 필요한 배치 작업에는 적절하지 않다.

정답 C

 

45. You recently deployed a new version of an application to App Engine and then discovered a bug in the release. You need to immediately revert to the prior version of the application. What should you do?

• A. Run gcloud app restore.
• B. On the App Engine page of the GCP Console, select the application that needs to be reverted and click Revert.
• C. On the App Engine Versions page of the GCP Console, route 100% of the traffic to the previous version.
• D. Deploy the original version as a separate application. Then go to App Engine settings and split traffic between applications so that the original version serves 100% of the requests.

App Engine에서는 이전 버전으로 트래픽을 즉시 전환할 수 있다. 새 버전이 문제가 있으면 이전 버전으로 트래픽을 전환하면 된다.

정답 C

 

46. You deployed an App Engine application using gcloud app deploy, but it did not deploy to the intended project. You want to find out why this happened and where the application deployed. What should you do?

• A. Check the app.yaml file for your application and check project settings.
• B. Check the web-application.xml file for your application and check project settings.
• C. Go to Deployment Manager and review settings for deployment of applications.
• D. Go to Cloud Shell and run gcloud config list to review the Google Cloud configuration used for deployment.

app.yaml 파일에는 프로젝트 정보가 포함되지 않는다.

gcloud app deploy를 실행할 때 기본적으로 현재 설정된 GCP 프로젝트에 배포된다. 따라서 gcloud config list를 실행하면 배포된 프로젝트 ID를 확인할 수 있다.

정답 D

 

47. You want to configure 10 Compute Engine instances for availability when maintenance occurs. Your requirements state that these instances should attempt to automatically restart if they crash. Also, the instances should be highly available including during system maintenance. What should you do?

• A. Create an instance template for the instances. Set the 'Automatic Restart' to on. Set the 'On-host maintenance' to Migrate VM instance. Add the instance template to an instance group.
• B. Create an instance template for the instances. Set 'Automatic Restart' to off. Set 'On-host maintenance' to Terminate VM instances. Add the instance template to an instance group.
• C. Create an instance group for the instances. Set the 'Autohealing' health check to healthy (HTTP).
• D. Create an instance group for the instance. Verify that the 'Advanced creation options' setting for 'do not retry machine creation' is set to off.

Automatic Restart를 ON으로 설정하면 인스턴스가 충돌 시 자동으로 재시작된다.
On-host maintenance를 Migrate VM instance로 설정하면 유지보수 중에도 인스턴스가 유지된다.

정답 A

 

48. You host a static website on Cloud Storage. Recently, you began to include links to PDF files on this site. Currently, when users click on the links to these PDF files, their browsers prompt them to save the file onto their local system. Instead, you want the clicked PDF files to be displayed within the browser window directly, without prompting the user to save the file locally. What should you do?

• A. Enable Cloud CDN on the website frontend.
• B. Enable 'Share publicly' on the PDF file objects.
• C. Set Content-Type metadata to application/pdf on the PDF file objects.
• D. Add a label to the storage bucket with a key of Content-Type and value of application/pdf.

Cloud CDN은 캐싱을 최적화하는 역할을 한다.

Cloud Storage의 객체는 메타데이터(Content-Type)를 기반으로 콘텐츠를 해석한다. application/pdf로 설정하면 브라우저에서 직접 열 수 있다.

Storage Bucket의 Label은 관리 용도로 사용된다.

정답 C

 

 

49. You have a virtual machine that is currently configured with 2 vCPUs and 4 GB of memory. It is running out of memory. You want to upgrade the virtual machine to have 8 GB of memory. What should you do?

• A. Rely on live migration to move the workload to a machine with more memory.
• B. Use gcloud to add metadata to the VM. Set the key to required-memory-size and the value to 8 GB.
• C. Stop the VM, change the machine type to n1-standard-8, and start the VM.
• D. Stop the VM, increase the memory to 8 GB, and start the VM.

n1-standard-8은 8개의 CPU를 사용한다는 것을 의미한다.

GCP에서는 VM이 실행 중일 때 메모리 크기를 변경할 수 없으며, 먼저 VM을 중지한 후 새로운 머신 타입으로 변경해야 한다.

정답 D

 

50. You have production and test workloads that you want to deploy on Compute Engine. Production VMs need to be in a different subnet than the test VMs. All the VMs must be able to reach each other over Internal IP without creating additional routes. You need to set up VPC and the 2 subnets. Which configuration meets these requirements?

• A. Create a single custom VPC with 2 subnets. Create each subnet in a different region and with a different CIDR range.
• B. Create a single custom VPC with 2 subnets. Create each subnet in the same region and with the same CIDR range.
• C. Create 2 custom VPCs, each with a single subnet. Create each subnet in a different region and with a different CIDR range.
• D. Create 2 custom VPCs, each with a single subnet. Create each subnet in the same region and with the same CIDR range.

단일 VPC 내의 서브넷은 자동으로 내부 IP를 통해 통신할 수 있으며, 추가적인 경로를 설정할 필요가 없다. 따라서, 단일 VPC에서 서로 다른 CIDR 범위를 가지는 서브넷을 생성하면 VM 간 연결이 가능하다.

그리고 VPC가 다르면 기본적으로 내부 통신이 불가능하다.

정답 A